Umayyad Dirham (Minted in Hulwan, 91 AH) – Reign of al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik
<p>Hulwan sits at the entrance to a mountain pass in the Zagros range, the natural gateway linking the Mesopotamian plain to the Iranian plateau for millennia.</p><p>Its mint struck this dirham in 91 AH under Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, adding an Islamic chapter to a long history of passage through that mountain corridor.</p><p>The coin reflects the strategic use of mountain stations along trade and army routes, showing how the Umayyad administration secured liquidity at every major crossing point to protect caravan and administrative movement.</p>
91 AH